Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus is a category of metabolic illnesses characterized by persistently elevated blood sugar levels. Diabetes mellitus is identified by showing any one of the following symptoms and is characterized by recurring or chronic high blood sugar.

• Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/l (126mg/dl)
• Plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) two hours after a 75 g oral glucose load as in a glucose tolerance test
• Symptoms of high blood sugar and casual plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl)
• Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 48 mmol/l (≥ 6.5 DCCT %)

Diabetes results from either insufficient insulin production by the pancreas or improper insulin use by the body's cells. The three primary kinds of diabetes mellitus are as follows:

• Type 1 DM results from the body’s failure to produce enough insulin. This form was previously referred to as “insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDIM) or “juvenile diabetes”.
• Type 2 DM Begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly. This form was previously referred to as non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus” (NIDDM) or “adult-onset diabetes”.
• Gestational diabetes is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop a high blood glucose level.

Symptoms

Weight loss, frequent urination, increased thirst, and polyphagia are the typical signs of untreated diabetes (increased hunger). In type 1 diabetes, symptoms may appear suddenly (within weeks or months), whereas they do so much more gradually in type 2 diabetes and may even not appear at all.

Complication

Damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves are among the main microvascular consequences of diabetes. Damage to the blood vessels in the retina of the eye causes diabetic retinopathy, an eye condition that can cause progressive vision loss and even blindness. Known as diabetic nephropathy, kidney damage. Diabetic neuropathy is the term for harm to the body's nerves. Diabetes-related foot issues, like diabetic foot ulcers, can happen.

Management of Diabetes

• Tracking glucose levels,
• Making healthy food choices,
• Getting exercise,
• Aerobic Exercise,
• The simple and common exercise are walking , take a brisk walk every day,
• Go dancing or take a dance aerobics class,
• Swim or do water aerobics,
• Take a bicycle ride outdoors or use a stationary bicycle indoors,
• Strength Training,
• Flexibility Exercise,
• Regular Checkup,
• Have yearly eye exams.
• Check kidneys yearly.
• Get flu shots every year and the pneumonia vaccine.
• Check cholesterol level.
• Care for teeth and gums.
• Find out average glucose and blood levels.
• Protect skin.
• Foot care,
• Blood pressure monitoring.

Treatment

• Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors,
• Biguanides,
• Thiazolidinediones,
• Sulfonylureas,
• Insulin.