Risk Factors for Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

Risk Factors for Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

Isotretinoins: Pregnant women who take isotretinoin to treat their acne run the risk of miscarriage and birth abnormalities. To prevent unwanted births among women with reproductive potential who take this medicine, effective pregnancy prevention should be put into place.

• Alcohol misuse
  There is never a safe moment to consume alcohol while pregnant, and harm can start even before a woman is aware that she is or might be pregnant. If women cut back on their alcohol consumption before becoming pregnant, fetal alcohol syndrome and other alcohol-related birth abnormalities can be avoided.
• Anti-epileptic drugs
  Some antiepileptic medications are recognized teratogens (e.g., valproic acid). Recommendations state that reduced doses of these medications should be administered to women who are currently taking them and are thinking about getting pregnant before conceiving.
• Diabetes (preconception)
  Folic acid deficiency is effectively treated by using daily vitamin supplements containing folic acid (400 mcg), which has been shown to reduce the prevalence of birth abnormalities in newborns of women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes by three times. has been shown to cut the frequency of neural tube abnormalities in half.
•  Hepatitis B
  Both men and women who are at risk of contracting hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection should get vaccinated. The prevention of HBV infection in women of reproductive age reduces the risk of HBV infection and its complications, such as cirrhosis, liver cancer, and mortality, as well as the transmission of the infection to unborn children.
• HIV/AIDS
  Before becoming pregnant, HIV infection can be detected so that timely antiretroviral therapy can be started and women (or couples) can receive extra information that can assist avoid mother-to-child transmission.
• Hypothyroidism
  Early in pregnancy, the dosages of Levothyroxine needed to treat hypothyroidism rise. To ensure the fetus's proper neurologic development, the dosage of levothyroxine must be changed.
• Maternal phenylketonuria (PKU)
  The likelihood of giving birth to neonates or infants with intellectual disability is higher in women who were diagnosed with PKU as infants. However, if mothers follow a low-phenylalanine diet prior to conception and during their pregnancy, this unfavorable result can be avoided.
• Rubella seronegativity
  Congenital rubella syndrome is avoided and protective seropositivity is provided by rubella immunization.
• Obesity
  Negative perinatal outcomes linked to maternal obesity include hypertension, thromboembolic disease, diabetes, preterm delivery, neural tube abnormalities, and preterm labor. Reduce these chances by losing weight and eating healthy before getting pregnant.
• Oral anticoagulant
  It has been proven that the blood clotting medication warfarin causes teratology. Before becoming pregnant, medicines can be switched to a non-teratogenic anticoagulant to prevent exposure to warfarin during the first trimester.
• STIS
  Ectopic pregnancies, infertility, and persistent pelvic pain have all been firmly linked to Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea. Pregnancy-related STIs may cause the death of the fetus or severe physical and developmental problems, such as intellectual disability and blindness. These negative consequences are avoided by early screening and treatment.
• Smoking
  If women give up smoking before or during the first trimester of pregnancy, preterm birth, low birth weight, and other poor perinatal outcomes linked to maternal smoking in pregnancy can be avoided. It is advised to stop smoking before becoming pregnant because only 20% of women are able to adequately manage their tobacco dependence throughout pregnancy.