Nephrotic Syndrome

Subject: Medical and Surgical Nursing I (Theory)

Overview

Protein in the urine, low blood protein levels, high cholesterol, high triglyceride levels, and edema are among the signs of nephrotic syndrome. Its causes include amyloidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetic renal disease, etc. Its symptoms include facial puffiness, moon face, periorbital edema, foaming urine, etc. The medication used to treat it includes antihypertensive drugs, diuretics, immune system suppressants, anticoagulants, and cholesterol-lowering drugs.

Protein in the urine, low blood protein levels, high cholesterol levels, high triglyceride levels, and edema are all indications of nephrotic syndrome. It is primarily caused by injury to the kidneys' clusters of small blood veins (glomeruli).

Possible Causes

  • Disease with minimal alteration
  • Segmental focal glomerulosclerosis
  • Membranous kidney disease
  • Diabetes-related kidney disease
  • Lupus erythematosus (SLE)
  • Amyloidosis
  • A blood clot has formed in a kidney vein
  • Heart attack

Signs and Symptoms

  • Edema of the entire body
  • Moon face, facial puffiness
  • Edema around the eyes
  • Urine has a foamy look
  • Weight gain that occurs suddenly as a result of fluid retention

Treatments

  • Examples of medications include antihypertensive drugs, diuretics, immune system suppressants, anticoagulants, and cholesterol-lowering drugs.
  • A low-sodium, high-protein, and high-calorie diet
  • Prednisolone is a steroid (long term favorable result)
  • Anti-cancer medications, such as cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, and Imuran
  • Prostaglandin synthesis is inhibited by indomethacin
  • Fluid based on output

Nursing Management

  • As directed, administer medications such as diuretics, antibiotics, and corticosteroids.
  • Request that the nutritionist design a low-sodium, moderate-protein diet for you.
  • To fight the edema that is common with nephrotic syndrome, provide diligent skin care.
  • Encourage physical activity and exercise, and make anti-embolism stockings available as needed.
  • Check the  patient's urine frequently for protein, which appears frothy.
  • Monitor and record the location and nature of the edema.
  • Measure the  patient's blood pressure while he or she is supine or standing.
  • Monitor intake and output on an hourly basis.
  • Examine the  patient's reaction to recommended drugs.
  • During the edema period only, give a high-protein, low-sodium diet.
  • Support the scrotum.
  • Defend against known infection sources
  • Increase osmotic pressure by administering plasma volume expanders like albumin, plasma, and dextran.

References

  • https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1582554455
  • Mandal, G. (August 2013). A Textbook of Adult Health Nursing (2nd ed.). Dilllibazar kathmandu: Makalu publication house. Retrieved August 2013
  • pharmacypedia.org/diseases-and-conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/
  • m.igancure.com/nephrotic-syndrome-treatment/940.html
  • https://www.findatopdoc.com/Medical-Library/Diseases-and-Conditions/Nephrotic-Syndrome
  • https://scribd.hulkproxy.club/document/207250185/c-a
  • vsezar.no-ip.info/YLTQO
  • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature › PubMed Central (PMC)
  • https://quizlet.com/111031522/ad-path-kidney-flash-cards/
 
 

 
Things to remember
  • Nephrotic syndrome is typically caused by damage to the kidneys' clusters of small blood veins (glomeruli).
  • A blood clot has formed in a kidney vein.
  • Edema of the entire body
  • Diets low in protein
  • Hourly monitoring of intake and output
  • Examine the patient's reaction to recommended drugs.
Questions and Answers

Protein in the urine, low blood protein levels, high cholesterol, high triglyceride levels, and edema are among the signs of nephrotic syndrome. Damage to the kidneys' glomeruli, which are collections of microscopic blood arteries, is typically the cause of nephrotic syndrome.

Protein in the urine, low levels of blood protein, high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as swelling, are all symptoms of nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome is typically brought on by harm to the kidneys' glomeruli, which are collections of tiny blood vessels.

Possible Causes

  • Small-scale disease
  • Segmental focal glomerulosclerosis
  • Membranous kidney disease
  • Diabetes-related kidney disease
  • Lupus erythematosus systemic
  • Amyloidosis
  • A kidney vein blood clot
  • Heart attack

Signs and Symptoms

  • Body-wide edema
  • Facial edema and moon face
  • Edema around the eyes
  • Urine appears to be foaming
  • Rapid weight increase resulting from fluid retention

Treatments

  • Antihypertensive pharmaceuticals, diuretics, immune system suppressants, anticoagulants, and cholesterol-lowering drugs are a few examples of such medications.
  • Diets low in protein
  • Low-sodium diet

Nursing Management

  • Provide medication as directed, including corticosteroids, diuretics, and antibiotics.
  • A low-sodium diet with moderate protein intake can be planned by a dietitian.
  • To fight the edema that typically develops with nephrotic syndrome, provide diligent skin care.
  • Promote movement and exercise while offering antiembolism stockings as needed.
  • Check the patient's urine frequently for protein, which is shown by foamy appearance.
  • Keep track of and record the location and kind of edema.
  • While the patient is standing and supine, take their blood pressure.
  • Track intake and output every hour.
  • Evaluate the patient's reaction to the medication being taken.
  • Insist on how crucial it is to stick to the special diet.
  • Provide medicine as directed, including corticosteroids, diuretics, and antibiotics.
  • A low-sodium diet with moderate protein intake can be planned by a nutritionist.
  • To fight the edema that typically develops with nephrotic syndrome, provide diligent skin care.
  • Promote movement and exercise while providing antiembolism stockings as needed.
  • Check the patient's urine often for protein, which is shown by foamy appearance.
  • Keep track of and record the location and kind of edema.
  • While the patient is standing and supine, take their blood pressure.
  • Track intake and output every hour.
  • Evaluate the patient's reaction to the medication being taken.
  • Insist on how crucial it is to stick to the special diet.

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